The urine patch of the grazing cow has been identified as the key source of N loss from pasture-based dairy
systems. Although critical to N modelling, quantitative data on the annual area coverage of urine patches in
pastures is scarce.
A new technique using survey-grade global positioning system (GPS) technology was
developed to measure the paddock area coverage of dairy cattle urine and dung patches. A four year study
was conducted on an intensively stocked (4.3 cows/ha) dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228522074_Urine_patch_area_coverage_of_an_intensively_stocked_dairy_pasture