This study used a paired catchment experimental design to test the effectiveness of three mitigation strategies targeting the critical source areas (CSAs) that were ephemeral streams in deer grazed pastures.
The effectiveness of the mitigation options was calculated for both reducing contaminant concentrations (nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment and E. coli) under low flow conditions and contaminant loads during storm events.
This measured data indicated that the Overseer model appears to be representing the long-term average nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the deer grazed pasture system in this landscape.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110106
Agricultural Water Management, Volume 324, 1 March 2026.